Usool e Hadees Mukhtasar Information share by Deeneislamfk
HADEES KI 4 BUNIYADI AQSAAM (BASIC KINDS):
1. Qawli Hadees
2. Fààli Hadees
3. Taqriri Hadees
4. Sifaati Hadees
1. Qawli Hadees : Jo Huzur ﷺ ne khud bola or kaha.
2. Fààli Hadees : Huzur ﷺ amal jo unho ne anjaam diya ya zaahir kiya.
3. Taqriri Hadees : Use kehte hain ke Huzur ﷺ ki maujoodgi me koi kaam kiya gaya ho, ya koi baat kahi gyi ho, or Aap ﷺ us per khamosh rhe ho.
4. Sifaati Hadees : Wo hadees, jis me Huzur ﷺ sifaat bayan ki gyi ho. (Sifaat- Appearance, Moral, Character)
HADEES KI TAREEF AUR ISKE AQSAM
Hadees ki Tehreef : Huzur ﷺ ki baato,kaamo aur Aap ﷺ ki taqriron ko Hadis kaha jaata hai.(Yahan par taqrir ka matlab ye hai ki kisi ne koi kaam ya koi baat Aap ﷺ ke saamne kahi magar Aap ﷺ ne us se na roka yani Aap ﷺ ne khamush reh kar ye zaahir kar diya ki ye kaam ya ye baat galat nahi hain.)
Rawi : Rawi ka maana hota hai” Kisi ki koi baat bayan karne wala. Aam taur se Huzur ﷺ ki hadison ko bayan karne walo ko Rawi kaha jaata hai.
Sanad: Rawiyo ka woh silsila jin ke zariye hadis ko bayan kiya gaya.
Matan: Woh baat jo sanad ke baad ho.
Hadees ki Qismein
Aakhir-e-Sanad ke etabaar se hadees ki 4 qismein hain.(1) Qudsi. (2) Marfu.(3) Mauqoof.(4) Maqtu.
Hadees-e-Qudsi : Qudsi means "divine" Ye wo Hadees kehlati h jo directly Allah ne Huzur ﷺ tak pohochay, or phir Huzur ﷺ ne apne Sahaba tak pohochay.
Marfu : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ki sanad Huzur tak pahuche.
Mauqoof : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ki sanad Sahaba tak pahuche.
Maqtu : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ki sanad Tabayi tak pahuche.
Sanad ke mile aur na mile hone ke etabaar se hadees ki 2 qismein hain.(1) Muttasil. (2)Gair-e-Muttasil.
Muttasil : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ki sanad mein koi rawi chhuta nahi ho.
Gair-e-Muttasil : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ki sanad mein kahin se ek ya kuchh rawi chhut gaye hon.
Gair-e-Muttasil hadees ki 5 qismein hain. (1)Mu'allaq. (2)Mursal.(3)Mu'azal.(4) Munqata. (5)Mudallas.
Mu'allaq : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ki sanad mein shuru se rawi chhuta ho.
Murasal : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ki sanad mein aakhir se taabayi ke baad koi rawi chhod diya gaya.
Mu'azal : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ki sanad mein bich se lagataar 2 rawai chhod diya gaya ho.
Munqata : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ki sanad mein bich se ek rawi ya kayi jaghon se kayi rawi chhod diya gaya ho.
Mudallas : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ki sanad mein kisi ne tadlis kiya ho. Yani rawi ne jis se hadis suni hai un ka naam nahi le kar un se upar wale rawi ka naam le aur lafz aisa istemal kare ki maloom hota ho ki un hone un se khud suna hai.
Rawiyon ke kam aur zyada hone ke etabaar se hadees ki 4 qismein hain. (1)Garib. (2)Aziz. (3)Mash'hoor. (4)Mutawatir.
Garib : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ka rawi kisi zamaane ya har zamaane mein ek ho.
Aziz : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ke rawi har zamaane mein kam se kam 2 hon.
Mash'hoor : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ke rawi har zamaane mein 2 se zyada hon.
Mutawatir : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ke rawi har zamaane mein itne zyada hon ki un sab ke jhoot par ittefaq ko aqal na-mumkin samjhe.
Rawi ki khubi aur khaami ke etabaar se hadees ki 3 qismein hain.(1)Sahi. (2) Hasan.(3)Za'eef.
Sahi : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis ke sabhi raawi aala darje ke nek parhezgaar aur yaad'dasht ke khoob pakke hon aur us ke bayan karne wale logo ka silsila huzur tak mila huwa ho. Bich se ek raawi bhi chhuta huwa na ho. Aur woh mu'allal aur shaaz bhi na ho.
Sahi ki 2 qismein hain. (1) Sahi li-zaatihi. (2) Sahi li-gairehi.
Sahi li-zaaihi : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis mein sahi ki taarif mein bayan ki gayi tamaam batein mukammal taur se paayi jaati hon.
Sahi li-gairehi : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis mein sahi ki taarif mein bayan ki gayi baaton mein se kuchh kami ho magar bahut saare tariqon se marwi hone ki wajah se us ki bhar-paayi ho gayi ho.
Hasan ke 2 Qismein hain
Hasan li-zaatihi : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis mein sahi ki taarif mein bayan ki gayi baaton mein se kisi tarah ki kami ho aur bahut saare tariqon se marwi ho kar us kami ki bhar-paayi bhi nahi hui ho.
Hasan li-gairehi : Us za'eef hadees ko kehte hain jis ke kamzori ki bhar-paayi ho gayi ho. Bhar-paayi ki kayi suratein hain.Jaise kayi sanadon se marwi hona.Ya Mujtahid ka us par amal karna wagairah.
Za'eef : Us hadees ko kehte hain jis mein sahi ki sab ya kuchh shartein nahi paayi jaati ho aur kisi tarah us ki bhar-paayi bhi nahi ho.
Hadis-e-Za'eef ki 4 qismein hain. (1) Zu'af ba-zu'af-e-Qarib. (2) Zu'af ba-zu'af-e-Qawi. (3)Matruh. (4) Mauzu.
Zu'af ba-zu'af-e-Qarib : Yani zu'af itna kam hai ki etabaar ke laaeq hai.Jaise ye zu'af ekhtilaat-e-Rawi,Ya yaad-dasht ya tadlis wagairah ki wajah se hai. Ye Mutabi'aat aur shawahid ke kaam aati hai aur za'eef ke elawah dusri hadiso se taaqat paa kar Sahi li-gairehi tak pahuch jaati hai.
Zu'af ba-zu'af-e-Qawi : Woh hadees jo rawi ke fisq wagairah ki wajah se chhod diya gaya ho jab ki rawi ka fisq jhoot ki hadd tak nahi pahucha ho.Aisi hadeesein se ahkaam mein daleel dena durust nahi hota hai.Haan!Baab-e-Faza'il mein maqbool hota hai.
Matruh : Us za'eef hadees ko kehte hain jis ka rawi hadees garhne wala shakhs ho ya jhoota ho ya us par jhoot ki tuhmat lagayi gayi ho. Ye Hadees za'eef ki sab se buri qism hai aur ye bhi hukm ke etabaar se mazu hadees mein daakhil hai.
Mauzu : Garhi hui hadees ko mauzu hadis kaha jaata hai. Ye sab ke nazdik Mardood hai. Ise Hadees is liye keh diya jaata hai ki garhne wale ne Hadees ke naam se ise Mash’hoor kiya warna haqiqat mein ye Hadees hai hi nahi.
Hadees-e-Za'eef kuchh wajhon ki bunyad par Qawi ho jaati hai.Woh wajhein ye hain.
(1) Kayi sanadon se marwi hona.
(2) Ahl-e-Ilm ka amal.Ahl-e-Ilm ke amal se bhi hadees-e-Za'eef qawi ho jaati hai. Isi wajah se Imam Tirmizi ne jagah jagah apni kitaab mein Hadees likhne ke baad ye likha hai ki "Is hadees par ahl-e-Ilm ka amal hai.
(3) Allah ke aala darje ke nek bandon ke amal se.
(4) Mujtahid ke qabool kar lene se.
(5) Tajarba aur kashf ke zariye bhi hadees-e-Za'eef qawi ho jaati hai.
Note : Hadis ki zubaan mein jab ye kaha jaata hai ki ye hadis sahi nahi, to is ka matlab ye nahi hota hai ki ye hadis za'eef hai ya jhooti hai.Balki is ka matlab ye hota hai ki Is ke andar sahi ki shart nahi paayi jaati hai is liye ye Sahi li-gairehi ya hasan hai wagairah.
Musnad : means " Supported " Ye wo Hadees kehlati hain jise hadees ka ek Aalim (scholar) apne Shaikh se riwayat (narrate) kre jis se usne bazahir (apparently) us k Mawafiq-e-umar (appropriate age) me hadees suni ho, or isi tarah har Shaikh ne apne Shaikh se suni ho yaha tak k sanad kisi Maaruf Sahabi (well known companion) tak pohoch jaay or phir Huzur ﷺ tak.
MUTAWATIR : Wo hadees jis mein tawatur ki chaar sharte payee jaye:
1. Is se rawiyo ki badi tadaad riwayath kare,
2. Insani aqal wa aadat inke jhoota hone ko mahaal samjhe,
3. Ye kasrat ahed-e-nabuwat se lekar sahib e-kitaab muhaddis ke zamane tak sanad ke har tabqe mein payee jaye,
4. Hadees ka taluq insani mushahide ya sam'aat se ho.
Note: rawiyo ki jamaat jisne ek ustaad ya ziyada aastizah se hadees ka samaa kiya ho TABQA kehlata hai.
Isnad or Matan ki fitrat (Nature) ke mutabiq Hadees ki types : 1. Munkar. 2. Mudraj.
1. Munkar : means "Denounced" Ye hadees Zaeef(weak) raawi (narrator) se belong krti hain. Matlab wo hadees jis me zaeef raawi hadees ko bayan krta ho, or ye zaeef raawi Qawi(strong) raawi ki mukhalifat (oppose) krta ho.
2. Mudraj : means "Interpolated" : Mudraj ki meaning hain daakhil (addition) kiya huwa. Aisi Hadees jis ke Sanad ya Matan me aise Ezafa (addition) ka pata chale jo actually usme naa ho, Mudraj Hadees kehlati hain. Is type ki or 2 types hain :
1). MUDRAJ-AL-ISNAAD : (narrators ki chain me narrators ka addition.)
2). MUDRAJ-AL-MATAN : (Huzur ki bayan kri huwi Hadees ke alfaaz me addition.)
Hadeeso ko bayan karne wale Mardood Raawiyo (Narrators/Reporters) ki types.
Mardood Hadees ki types Raawi ke Aadil (Sacha Musalman) naa hone ki wajah se : 1. Riwayat-al-Mubtida. 2. Riwayat-al-Faasiq. 3. Matruk. 4. Mauzu.
1. Riwayat-al-Mubtida : Wo hadees jis ka Raawi Bida't-e-Mukfira (infidel innovation) (Kaafir Banane wali bida't) ka qaail (convincing) ho.
2. Riwayat-al-Faasiq : Wo Rawi jo Kabira gunaah karne wala ho, lekin Kufr ki hadd (limit) tak naa pohocha huwa ho.
3. Matruk : wo hadees jis ka raawi aam bol-chaal me jhoot bolta ho, Muhaddisin ne is ki riwayat ko Qubool karne se mana kar diya ho.
4. Mauzu' : Wo hadees jis ke raawi ne kisi mauqe per Hadees ke maamle me jhoot bola ho, aise raawi ki har riwayat ko mauzu' (fabricated) kehte hain. aisa rawi KAZZAB kehlata hain.
Mardood Hadees ki types Raawi ke Zabit (Good memory power) naa hone ki wajah se :
1. Mushaf
2. Shaaz
3. Munkar
4. Riwayat si-al-Hifz
5. Riwayat kaseer-al-Ghaflaa
6. Riwayat Fahash-al-Ghalat
7. Riwayat al-Makhtalat
8. Muztarib
1. Mushaf : Wo hadees jis ke kisi lafz(word) ki zaahiri shakal to sahih ho lekin nuqto(dots), Harkat ya sukoon ke badalne se us ka talaffuz (pronunciation) badal gaya ho.
2. Shaaz : Wo hadees jis ka rawi siqa(ache kirdaar) ka ho, or bayan me apne se ziyada siqa ya apne jaise siga ki Mukhalifat (oppose) karta ho.
3. Munkar : Wo hadees jis ka rawi zaeef(weak) ho. Or bayan me Siqa raawi ki mukhalifat (oppose) karta ho.
4. Riwayat si-al-Hifz : wo rawi jo paidaishi (by Birth) weak memory ka ho.
5. Riwayat Kaseer-al-Ghaflaa : Wo rawi jo shadid Ghaflat (Severe negligence) ya bohoot si ghalti Karne wala ho.
6. Riwayat Fahash-al-Ghalat : wo rawi Jis ki ghaltiya saaf saaf nazar aay.
7. Riwayat al-Makhtalat : Wo rawi jo budhape (aged) ya kisi haadse (accident) ki wajah se apni memory power kho baitha ho. Ya uski likhi huwi hadeese waste ho jay.
8. Muztarib : Wo hadees jis ki sanad ya matan me aisa ikhtelaaf (opposition) ho jo ke hal (solve) naa ho sake.
Mardood Hadees ki types Rawi ke Majhool hone ki wajah se :
1. Majhul-ul-A'in
2. Majhul-ul-Haal
3. Mubham
1. Majhul-ul-A'in : wo rawi jis ke naam ka zikr kiya jaay lekin is se riwayat krne wala sirf 1 rawi ho, isliye aisi hadees majhul kehlati hain.
2. Majhul-ul-Haal : wo rawi jis ko bayan krne wale 2 ya 2 se ziyada ho lekin authenticity or adjustment bayan naa ho. To aisi riwayat ka hukm Mardud kehlata hain or Rawi Majhul.
3. Mubham : is ki Meaning hain Doubtful/Unclear. Us rawi ko kehte hain jis ka naam hadees ki sanad me wazeh tor pr (clearly) bayan naa kiya gaya ho.
Hadeeso ko bayan krne wale Sahih Raawiyo (Narrators/Reporters) ki types.
1. Aadil : wo Rawi jo Dayanat-Daar (Honest) ho sacha musalman ho.
2. Zabit : wo tamam rawi jo mazbut hafize wale ho, (strong memory power).
3. Ittesal-ul-sanad : iska matlab hain ke hadees ko Riwayat Karne wale tamam raawiyo ne jis se hadees naqal (copy) ki hain us se un raawiyo ne us hadees ko direct liya hain.
4. Siqa : iski meaning hain Qaabil-e-Aetemaad (trustworthy) shakhs. Wo rawi jo good character ka ho or hadeeso ko save kar ke rakhta ho.
Reference : Imaam Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmizi.
Ijma e Ummat ki Hadees e Usool
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